Bootloader is to make firmware upgrade over the serial/USB possible. Bootloader is always programmed and should not be programmed unless you screwed it up. It should be programmed w. an ISP-programmer and proper fuses for the AVR should be set. If hacking you should know this. The new bootloader fixes a wdt_reset problem for atmega128rfa1. # Programming the bootloader: avrdude -p atmega128rfa1 -c jtag2isp -P usb -e -U flash:w:main.hex # Programming the fuse bits: avrdude -p atmega128rfa1 -c jtag2isp -P usb -U hfuse:w:0x9c:m -U lfuse:w:0x62:m